1. Preface
1.1. Report Description
1.1.1. Purpose of the Report
1.1.2. Target Audience
1.1.3. USP and Key Offerings
1.2. Research Scope
1.3. Research Methodology
1.3.1. Phase I – Secondary Research
1.3.2. Phase II – Primary Research
1.3.3. Phase III – Expert Panel Review
1.3.4. Approach Adopted
1.3.4.1. Top-Down Approach
1.3.4.2. Bottom-Up Approach
1.3.5. Assumptions
1.4. Market Segmentation
2. Executive Summary
2.1. Market Snapshot: Global Porokeratosis Market
2.2. Global Porokeratosis Market, By Therapies
2.3. Global Porokeratosis Market, By End-User
2.4. Global Porokeratosis Market, By Region
3. Market Dynamics & Factors Analysis
3.1. Introduction
3.1.1. Global Porokeratosis Market Value, 2016-2028, (US$ Bn)
3.2. Market Dynamics
3.2.1. Key Growth Trends
3.2.2. Market Drivers
3.2.3. Market Restraints
3.2.4. Market Opportunities
3.2.5. Major Industry Challenges
3.3. Attractive Investment Proposition,2021
3.3.1. Therapies
3.3.2. End-User
3.3.3. Geography
4. Premium Insights
4.1. STAR (Situation, Task, Action, Results) Analysis
4.2. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
4.2.1. Threat of New Entrants
4.2.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers/Consumers
4.2.3. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
4.2.4. Threat of Substitute Types
4.2.5. Intensity of Competitive Rivalry
4.3. Value Chain Analysis
4.4. Therapies Analysis
4.5. Marketing Strategy Analysis
4.5.1. Direct Marketing
4.5.2. Indirect Marketing
4.5.3. Marketing Channel Development Trend
5. Market Positioning of Key Players, 2021
5.1. Company market share of key players, 2021
5.2. Competitive Benchmarking
5.3. Market Positioning of Key Vendors
5.4. Geographical Presence Analysis
5.5. Major Strategies Adopted by Key Players
5.5.1. Key Strategies Analysis
5.5.2. Mergers and Acquisitions
5.5.3. Partnerships
5.5.4. Product Launch
5.5.5. Geographical Expansion
5.5.6. Others
6. COVID 19 Impact Analysis
6.1. Global Porokeratosis Market Pre Vs Post COVID 19, 2019 – 2028
6.2. Impact on Import & Export
6.3. Impact on Demand & Supply
7. Global Porokeratosis Market
7.1. Global Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028(US$ Bn)
7.1.1. Overview
7.1.2. Global Porokeratosis Market, By Therapies, 2021 vs 2028 (in%)
7.1.3. Global Porokeratosis Market, By Topical 5- fluorouracil, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
7.1.4. Global Porokeratosis Market, By Topical Vitamin D, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
7.1.5. Global Porokeratosis Market, By Imiquimod, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
7.1.6. Global Porokeratosis Market, By Retinoids, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
7.1.7. Global Porokeratosis Market, By Cryotherapy, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
7.1.8. Global Porokeratosis Market, By Laser Therapy, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
7.1.9. Global Porokeratosis Market, By Others, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
7.2. Global Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028(US$ Bn)
7.2.1. Overview
7.2.2. Global Porokeratosis Market, By End-User, 2021 vs 2028 (in%)
7.2.3. Global Porokeratosis Market, By Hospitals, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
7.2.4. Global Porokeratosis Market, By Clinics, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
7.2.5. Global Porokeratosis Market, By Diagnostic Centres, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
7.2.6. Global Porokeratosis Market, By Research and academic Institutes, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
8. North America Porokeratosis Market Analysis
8.1. North America Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028(US$ Bn)
8.1.1. Overview
8.1.2. SRC Analysis
8.2. North America Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028(US$ Bn)
8.2.1. Overview
8.2.2. SRC Analysis
8.3. North America Porokeratosis Market, by Country, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
8.3.1. U.S.
8.3.1.1. U.S. Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
8.3.1.2. U.S. Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
8.3.1.3. U.S. Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
8.3.2. Canada
8.3.2.1. Canada Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
8.3.2.2. Canada Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
8.3.2.3. Canada Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9. Europe Porokeratosis Market Analysis
9.1. Europe Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028(US$ Bn)
9.1.1. Overview
9.1.2. SRC Analysis
9.2. Europe Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028(US$ Bn)
9.2.1. Overview
9.2.2. SRC Analysis
9.3. Europe Porokeratosis Market, by Country, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.1. Germany
9.3.1.1. Germany Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.1.2. Germany Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.1.3. Germany Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.2. France
9.3.2.1. France Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.2.2. France Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.2.3. France Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.3. UK
9.3.3.1. UK Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.3.2. UK Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.3.3. UK Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.4. Italy
9.3.4.1. Italy Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.4.2. Italy Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.4.3. Italy Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.5. Spain
9.3.5.1. Spain Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.5.2. Spain Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.5.3. Spain Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.6. Rest of Europe
9.3.6.1. Rest of Europe Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.6.2. Rest of Europe Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
9.3.6.3. Rest of Europe Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10. Asia Pacific Porokeratosis Market Analysis
10.1. Asia Pacific Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028(US$ Bn)
10.1.1. Overview
10.1.2. SRC Analysis
10.2. Asia Pacific Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028(US$ Bn)
10.2.1. Overview
10.2.2. SRC Analysis
10.3. Asia Pacific Porokeratosis Market, by Country, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.1. China
10.3.1.1. China Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.1.2. China Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.1.3. China Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.2. Japan
10.3.2.1. Japan Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.2.2. Japan Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.2.3. Japan Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.3. India
10.3.3.1. India Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.3.2. India Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.3.3. India Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.4. South Korea
10.3.4.1. South Korea Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.4.2. South Korea Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.4.3. South Korea Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.5. South-East Asia
10.3.5.1. South-East Asia Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.5.2. South-East Asia Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.5.3. South-East Asia Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.6. Rest of Asia Pacific
10.3.6.1. Rest of Asia Pacific Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.6.2. Rest of Asia Pacific Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
10.3.6.3. Rest of Asia Pacific Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
11. Latin America Porokeratosis Market Analysis
11.1. Latin America Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028(US$ Bn)
11.1.1. Overview
11.1.2. SRC Analysis
11.2. Latin America Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028(US$ Bn)
11.2.1. Overview
11.2.2. SRC Analysis
11.3. Latin America Porokeratosis Market, by Country, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
11.3.1. Brazil
11.3.1.1. Brazil Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
11.3.1.2. Brazil Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
11.3.1.3. Brazil Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
11.3.2. Mexico
11.3.2.1. Mexico Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
11.3.2.2. Mexico Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
11.3.2.3. Mexico Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
11.3.3. Rest of Latin America
11.3.3.1. Rest of Latin America Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
11.3.3.2. Rest of Latin America Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
11.3.3.3. Rest of Latin America Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
12. Middle East and Africa Porokeratosis Market Analysis
12.1. Middle East and Africa Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028(US$ Bn)
12.1.1. Overview
12.1.2. SRC Analysis
12.2. Middle East and Africa Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028(US$ Bn)
12.2.1. Overview
12.2.2. SRC Analysis
12.3. Middle East and Africa Porokeratosis Market, by Country, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
12.3.1. GCC Countries
12.3.1.1. GCC Countries il Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
12.3.1.2. GCC Countries Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
12.3.1.3. GCC Countries Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
12.3.2. South Africa
12.3.2.1. South Africa Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
12.3.2.2. South Africa Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
12.3.2.3. South Africa Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
12.3.3. Rest of Middle East and Africa
12.3.3.1. Rest of Middle East and Africa Porokeratosis Market Estimates and Forecast, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
12.3.3.2. Rest of Middle East and Africa Porokeratosis, By Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
12.3.3.3. Rest of Middle East and Africa Porokeratosis, By End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
13. Company Profiles
13.1. Coherent Inc.
13.1.1. Company Overview
13.1.2. Products/Services Portfolio
13.1.3. Geographical Presence
13.1.4. Financial Summary
13.1.4.1. Market Revenue and Net Profit (2019-2021)
13.1.4.2. Business Segment Revenue Analysis
13.1.4.3. Geographical Revenue Analysis
13.2. Alma Lasers
13.3. Almirall
13.4. Allergan
13.5. Pfizer
13.6. Lumenis
13.7. Coty Inc.
13.8. Cutera, Bioness Inc.
13.9. Biogen
13.10. PhotoMedex Inc.
13.11. Valeant Pharmaceuticals, Hologic Inc.
13.12. IPG Photonics Corporation
13.13. IRIDEX Corp.
13.14. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd.
13.15. Biolase Inc.
13.16. Angiodynamics Inc.
13.17. Beiersdorf AG
List of Figures
FIG. 1 Global Porokeratosis Market: Research Methodology
FIG. 2 Market Size Estimation – Top Down & Bottom up Approach
FIG. 3 Global Porokeratosis Market Segmentation
FIG. 4 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2021 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 5 Global Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2021 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 6 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Geography, 2021 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 7 Attractive Investment Proposition, by Therapies, 2021
FIG. 8 Attractive Investment Proposition, by End-User, 2021
FIG. 9 Attractive Investment Proposition, by Geography, 2021
FIG. 10 Global Market Share Analysis of Key Porokeratosis Market Manufacturers, 2021
FIG. 11 Global Market Positioning of Key Porokeratosis Market Manufacturers, 2021
FIG. 12 Global Porokeratosis Market Value Contribution, By Therapies, 2021 & 2028 (Value %)
FIG. 13 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Topical 5- fluorouracil, Value, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 14 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Topical Vitamin D, Value, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 15 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Imiquimod, Value, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 16 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Retinoids, Value, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 17 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Cryotherapy, Value, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 18 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Laser Therapy, Value, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 19 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Others, Value, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 20 Global Porokeratosis Market Value Contribution, By End-User, 2021 & 2028 (Value %)
FIG. 21 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Hospitals, Value, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 22 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Clinics, Value, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 23 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Diagnostic Centres, Value, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 24 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Research and academic Institutes, Value, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 25 U.S. Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 26 Canada Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 27 Germany Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 28 France Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 29 U.K. Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 30 Italy Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 31 Spain Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 32 Rest of Europe Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 33 China Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 34 Japan Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 35 India Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 36 South Korea Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 37 Southeast Asia Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 38 Rest of Asia Pacific Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 39 Latin America Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 40 Brazil Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 41 Mexico Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 42 Rest of Latin America Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 43 Middle East & Africa Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 44 GCC Countries Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 45 South Africa Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
FIG. 46 Rest of Middle East and Africa Porokeratosis Market, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
List of Tables
TABLE 1 Market Snapshot: Global Porokeratosis Market
TABLE 2 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Competitive Benchmarking, 2021
TABLE 3 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Geographical Presence Analysis, 2021
TABLE 4 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Key Strategies Analysis, 2021
TABLE 5 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 6 Global Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 7 Global Porokeratosis Market, by Geography, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 8 North America Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 9 North America Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 10 North America Porokeratosis Market, by Country, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 11 US Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 12 US Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 13 Canada Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 14 Canada Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 15 Europe Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 16 Europe Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 17 Europe Porokeratosis Market, by Country, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 18 Germany Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 19 Germany Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 20 France Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 21 France Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 22 UK Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 23 UK Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 24 Italy Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 25 Italy Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 26 Spain Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 27 Spain Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 28 Rest of Europe Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 29 Rest of Europe Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 30 Asia Pacific Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 31 Asia Pacific Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 32 Asia Pacific Porokeratosis Market, by Country, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 33 China Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 34 China Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 35 Japan Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 36 Japan Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 37 India Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 38 India Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 39 South Korea Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 40 South Korea Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 41 South East Asia Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 42 South East Asia Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 43 Rest of Asia Pacific Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 44 Rest of Asia Pacific Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 45 Latin America Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 46 Latin America Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 47 Latin America Porokeratosis Market, by Country, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 48 Brazil Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 49 Brazil Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 50 Mexico Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 51 Mexico Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 52 Rest of Latin America Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 53 Rest of Latin America Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 54 Middle East and Africa Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 55 Middle East and Africa Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 56 Middle East and Africa Porokeratosis Market, by Country, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 57 GCC Countries Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 58 GCC Countries Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 59 South Africa Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 60 South Africa Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 61 Rest of Middle East and Africa Porokeratosis Market, by Therapies, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)
TABLE 62 Rest of Middle East and Africa Porokeratosis Market, by End-User, 2016-2028 (US$ Bn)