Natural Sweeteners Market Size, Growth, Share and Forecast 2032

Market Overview:

The Natural Sweeteners Market size was valued at USD 21,500.00 million in 2018 to USD 25,183.70 million in 2024 and is anticipated to reach USD 40,570.47 million by 2032, at a CAGR of 6.26% during the forecast period.

Growing awareness of the health risks associated with refined sugar drives adoption of natural sweeteners across global food and beverage sectors. Consumers prefer plant-based and low-calorie alternatives such as stevia, monk fruit, and agave syrup to reduce sugar intake without sacrificing flavor. Food manufacturers actively reformulate products to meet clean-label and wellness demands. Rising cases of diabetes and obesity worldwide further accelerate the shift toward natural ingredients. Continuous technological innovation enhances extraction efficiency and flavor balance, making natural sweeteners more cost-effective and widely accepted.

Geographically, North America and Europe lead the market due to high health consciousness, mature food industries, and strict sugar reduction regulations. Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, fueled by increasing disposable incomes, growing urbanization, and expanding food processing sectors. Countries such as China, Japan, and India witness strong uptake driven by local production of stevia and monk fruit. Latin America gains traction through expanding functional food industries, while the Middle East and Africa show gradual growth supported by changing dietary preferences and growing awareness of low-calorie alternatives.

Market Insights:

• The Natural Sweeteners Market was valued at USD 21,500.00 million in 2018, reaching USD 25,183.70 million in 2024 and projected at USD 40,570.47 million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 6.26%.
• Asia Pacific leads the market with around 37% share, supported by rising health awareness, stevia cultivation, and growing food and beverage production across China, Japan, and India.
• North America follows with about 28% share, driven by clean-label trends, regulatory sugar reduction policies, and mature food manufacturing industries. Europe ranks third with nearly 25% share, influenced by strong consumer demand for natural and organic food ingredients.
• Asia Pacific is also the fastest-growing region with a 7.1% CAGR, supported by local sourcing, expanding retail networks, and a shift toward natural, low-calorie product.
• By nature, conventional sweeteners account for around 65% share, while organic variants hold about 35%, reflecting the growing but still smaller demand for certified organic alternatives.

Market Drivers

Rising Global Health Awareness and Shift Toward Low-Calorie Consumption

Consumers are increasingly aware of the negative effects of excessive sugar intake on health. The shift toward low-calorie and sugar-free products drives wider acceptance of natural sweeteners. Food and beverage companies invest in reformulating products to cater to diabetic and health-conscious populations. It benefits from awareness programs that promote reduced sugar consumption through natural alternatives. The availability of plant-based options like stevia and monk fruit improves consumer acceptance. Governments enforce labeling regulations that encourage clean ingredients. Nutritionists recommend natural sweeteners to lower risks of obesity and cardiovascular issues. Expanding access to health information across digital platforms continues to boost awareness globally.

• For example, Nestlé developed a patented enzymatic process that reduces intrinsic sugar in milk, malt, and fruit juice ingredients by up to 30% without affecting taste or texture. The technology, applied to over 200,000 tons of cocoa and malt-based beverages like Milo since 2021, supports natural sweetness and cleaner formulations.

Growing Integration in the Food and Beverage Manufacturing Sector

The food and beverage industry plays a vital role in advancing adoption across product categories. Manufacturers use natural sweeteners in dairy, bakery, and beverages to replace synthetic options. It gains traction due to the ability to retain sweetness with lower caloric values. Beverage companies lead the transition by launching zero-calorie drinks without artificial components. Producers integrate advanced formulation techniques to balance taste and stability. New ingredient blends improve solubility and performance during production. The market benefits from strong partnerships between ingredient suppliers and global brands. These collaborations expand usage in mainstream and niche product lines alike.

• For example, Danone reformulated its Danonino children’s yogurt in Mexico by reducing sugar content by 43.8%, and since 2008 has lowered sugar by 32% in its Aquadrinks portfolio. This demonstrates a tangible sugar reduction effort integrated into mainstream children's dairy products, aligning with consumer demand for healthier, low-sugar options.

Supportive Regulatory Frameworks and Sugar Reduction Policies

Government policies that restrict sugar levels across processed foods encourage the rise of natural sweeteners. Health authorities impose sugar taxes that pressure manufacturers to adopt cleaner alternatives. The Natural Sweeteners Market experiences steady growth due to favorable labeling laws in developed regions. Food safety organizations approve several plant-derived sweeteners for safe consumption. This support enhances consumer trust and brand transparency. Industry compliance with strict quality standards promotes consistent market performance. Manufacturers respond with research programs focusing on purity and extraction efficiency. These regulations continue to shape innovation pipelines in global food sectors.

Technological Advancements and Product Innovation in Ingredient Development

Modern extraction and formulation technologies enhance sweetness profiles without compromising texture or flavor. Ingredient firms develop concentrated extracts that mimic sugar taste with higher efficiency. It benefits from biotechnology-driven improvements in yield and purity. Companies explore enzymatic and fermentation-based processes to create stable compounds. This innovation ensures scalability for large-scale production at lower costs. Startups develop customized sweetener blends targeting beverages, confectionery, and pharmaceuticals. Continuous R&D fosters competitive differentiation through improved solubility and shelf stability. The trend supports sustainable sourcing and higher environmental compliance.

Market Trends

Rising Demand for Plant-Based and Sustainable Ingredients

Consumer demand for plant-based and eco-friendly sweeteners continues to accelerate. Companies emphasize sustainable cultivation of stevia, agave, and coconut sugar to meet environmental goals. The Natural Sweeteners Market benefits from agricultural traceability programs supporting ethical sourcing. Food brands highlight sustainability credentials to attract environmentally aware buyers. Manufacturers reduce dependency on synthetic fertilizers to maintain organic certifications. Packaging innovation aligns with green branding strategies in premium product categories. Supply chain transparency strengthens confidence in product quality. This shift aligns with global sustainability objectives across major industries.

• For instance, Sweet Harvest Foods is the first U.S. honey company approved under the USDA Process Verified Program, which independently verifies sustainable direct sourcing and provides full product traceability audited by the USDA, reinforcing environmental and ethical sourcing commitments.

Increasing Use in Functional and Nutraceutical Formulations

The growing preference for functional foods and dietary supplements fuels steady adoption. Natural sweeteners act as suitable carriers in health-focused beverages and protein blends. It aligns with wellness trends demanding low-calorie energy and recovery products. Nutraceutical brands prefer non-artificial ingredients to enhance credibility among fitness consumers. Natural ingredients support gut-friendly and diabetic-friendly formulations without taste compromise. Ingredient producers tailor sweetness intensity for specific therapeutic uses. Cross-segment collaboration between nutrition firms and food manufacturers boosts product innovation. Functional integration continues to redefine consumer health experiences across multiple sectors.

Expanding Role in Clean Label and Transparent Product Marketing

Clean label movements drive rapid expansion across the natural ingredients landscape. Brands reduce additive counts to match minimalist consumer expectations. It helps establish authenticity and reliability in health-driven product lines. Transparent ingredient labeling builds long-term brand loyalty. Companies capitalize on marketing claims that highlight purity and traceability. Retailers prefer certified natural sweeteners that meet regulatory and safety norms. Clean labeling also supports expansion into premium organic retail channels. The trend ensures compliance with evolving global health and safety requirements.

• For instance, Ingredion employs its Truetrace system offering USDA Organic and Non-GMO Project Verified natural sweeteners, enabling clean-label certification with transparent supply chains meeting retail and regulatory standards.

Adoption of Advanced Processing and Taste Enhancement Technologies

Innovation in taste enhancement ensures better consumer satisfaction without bitterness. Advanced processing methods minimize off-notes commonly associated with certain natural sweeteners. It promotes wider acceptance among mainstream food manufacturers. AI-assisted flavor mapping helps identify optimal blends for sugar reduction. Microencapsulation techniques improve stability in liquid and baked goods. Ingredient developers use nanotechnology to increase dispersion and sweetness perception. The approach reduces aftertaste while maintaining consistent quality. Continuous R&D investment fuels technological leadership within the competitive industry.

Market Challenges Analysis

High Production Costs and Limited Raw Material Availability

Production of natural sweeteners involves complex extraction processes that raise manufacturing expenses. The Natural Sweeteners Market faces raw material shortages during inconsistent agricultural seasons. Stevia and agave cultivation depend on specific climate conditions that restrict scalability. Farmers often lack advanced irrigation and harvesting systems needed for reliable output. Limited global supply increases price volatility and affects profit margins. Manufacturers struggle to maintain consistent sweetness profiles across batches. Smaller firms face higher procurement costs that hinder entry. Continuous investment in sustainable sourcing becomes essential to overcome these constraints.

Taste Variability, Consumer Perception, and Regulatory Complexities

Natural sweeteners exhibit taste variations that challenge product uniformity across applications. It faces issues of perceived bitterness or metallic aftertaste in high-concentration uses. Consumer skepticism about natural labels persists due to mixed messaging in marketing campaigns. Manufacturers must balance sweetness intensity without compromising nutritional standards. Regulatory frameworks differ across countries, causing compliance difficulties for exporters. Complex labeling norms delay product approvals and distribution. Food safety standards continue to evolve, requiring costly reformulations. These factors collectively slow market expansion and reduce competitive flexibility.

Market Opportunities

Rising Demand for Diabetic-Friendly and Low-Glycemic Products

The growing diabetic population opens strong prospects across global food chains. The Natural Sweeteners Market benefits from products formulated for low-glycemic diets. Consumers prefer sweeteners that support stable blood sugar levels. Food producers develop diabetic-friendly bakery and beverage options with natural alternatives. Healthcare professionals recommend these solutions for better glycemic control. Expanding wellness programs and nutritional education foster adoption among older populations. Retailers expand shelf space for certified diabetic products. This demand creates scalable opportunities in mainstream grocery categories.

Expansion of Application Scope in Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care

Pharmaceutical firms explore natural sweeteners for syrups, lozenges, and oral supplements. It enhances palatability without synthetic additives. The cosmetic industry uses natural ingredients in lip care and toothpaste for mild sweetness. These applications extend beyond traditional food and beverage use. Rising consumer demand for chemical-free formulations promotes cross-industry innovation. Global players invest in R&D to identify multi-functional properties. The widening product range supports long-term industry diversification. This diversification ensures continued relevance across wellness and lifestyle sectors.

Market Segmentation Analysis:

The Natural Sweeteners Market is segmented by product type, application, form, nature, and sales channel.

By Product Type

The Natural Sweeteners Market includes stevia, palm sugar, coconut sugar, honey, maple syrup, monk fruit sugar, agave syrup, lucuma fruit sugar, molasses, and natural sweetener blends. Stevia dominates due to its zero-calorie property and strong use in beverages and snacks. Honey and agave syrup retain popularity in bakery and confectionery products, supported by their natural origin and rich flavor. Coconut and palm sugar gain traction among diabetic consumers for their lower glycemic index. Monk fruit sugar and maple syrup strengthen presence in premium and specialty foods. Molasses and lucuma fruit sugar occupy niche roles in traditional and organic product lines. Natural sweetener blends expand rapidly as brands combine different sources to balance taste and stability in industrial production.

• For instance, PureCircle by Ingredion has demonstrated through peer-reviewed life cycle assessments that its Reb M stevia production reduces climate change impact by 82% compared to sugar and bioconversion technology reduces it by 50%, showcasing industry-leading environmental sustainability.

By Application

The food segment holds a major share of the Natural Sweeteners Market, driven by high incorporation in bakery, confectionery, and processed meals. Beverages follow, supported by demand for low-calorie soft drinks, teas, and juices. Personal care manufacturers use natural sweeteners in oral hygiene and skincare products for mild sweetness and soothing properties. Pharmaceutical firms integrate natural options in syrups and chewable supplements to improve flavor profiles. Tabletop sweeteners maintain steady demand across households and foodservice outlets. It benefits from global sugar reduction initiatives and reformulation trends across large food and beverage brands.

By Form

The market divides into powder, liquid, and crystal forms. Powder sweeteners lead usage due to ease of handling, stable storage, and compatibility with industrial blending. Liquid forms grow in beverage, dairy, and syrup applications, offering better solubility and natural taste retention. Crystals find niche adoption in tabletop and confectionery segments requiring controlled sweetness levels. It experiences continuous formulation advancements aimed at improving solubility and stability under varied processing conditions. Manufacturers increasingly invest in flexible production lines to cater to diverse industrial requirements.

• For example, Ingredion, through its PureCircle brand, supplies stevia-based sweeteners that are 250 to 400 times sweeter than sugar. These plant-derived ingredients are used in bakery, beverage, and dairy formulations to reduce calories while maintaining taste, supporting clean-label and natural product development across the food industry.

By Nature

Organic and conventional forms shape the Natural Sweeteners Market structure. Organic sweeteners gain momentum from rising consumer awareness of chemical-free and environmentally friendly production. Brands emphasize traceable supply chains and certification compliance to attract premium buyers. Conventional variants continue to dominate due to cost-effectiveness and broad industrial availability. It experiences competitive growth across both categories as sustainability initiatives and organic certifications evolve.

By Sales Channel

Offline sales dominate the Natural Sweeteners Market, supported by strong distribution networks through supermarkets, specialty stores, and direct B2B channels. Food manufacturers rely on established retail and wholesale suppliers for consistent bulk procurement. Online sales expand rapidly with growing e-commerce adoption and consumer awareness about health-oriented products. It gains visibility through digital marketing and subscription-based models for home consumption. Marketplaces featuring certified organic and specialty natural sweeteners enhance customer reach and global brand recognition. The shift toward hybrid retail models continues to strengthen market accessibility and growth.

Segmentation:

By Product Type

• Stevia
• Palm Sugar
• Coconut Sugar
• Honey
• Maple Syrup
• Monk Fruit Sugar
• Agave Syrup
• Lucuma Fruit Sugar
• Molasses
• Natural Sweetener Blends

By Application

• Food
• Beverages
• Personal Care
• Pharmaceuticals
• Tabletop Sweeteners

By Form

• Powder
• Liquid
• Crystals

By Nature

• Organic
• Conventional

By Sales Channel

• Offline Sales
• Online Sales

By Region

• North America
  • U.S.
  • Canada
  • Mexico
• Europe
  • Germany
  • France
  • U.K.
  • Italy
  • Spain
  • Rest of Europe
• Asia Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • India
  • South Korea
  • South-east Asia
  • Rest of Asia Pacific
• Latin America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Rest of Latin America
• Middle East & Africa
  • GCC Countries
  • South Africa
  • Rest of the Middle East and Africa

Regional Analysis:

North America

The North America Natural Sweeteners Market size was valued at USD 6,106.00 million in 2018 to USD 7,041.21 million in 2024 and is anticipated to reach USD 11,323.29 million by 2032, at a CAGR of 6.3% during the forecast period. North America accounts for nearly 28% of the global share, driven by advanced food manufacturing and strong consumer preference for clean-label products. The region’s growth is supported by stringent regulations limiting added sugar levels across packaged goods. Manufacturers adopt natural alternatives such as stevia and monk fruit in beverage and confectionery applications. It benefits from robust R&D investments and presence of global ingredient producers in the U.S. and Canada. Increased awareness of diabetes and obesity prevention boosts consumer adoption. Expansion of organic retail stores and fitness-centered food brands enhances accessibility. Ongoing reformulation of products across major F&B companies strengthens long-term market growth.

Europe

The Europe Natural Sweeteners Market size was valued at USD 5,443.80 million in 2018 to USD 6,118.95 million in 2024 and is anticipated to reach USD 9,288.72 million by 2032, at a CAGR of 5.5% during the forecast period. Europe holds around 25% of the global market share, supported by the region’s strong regulatory alignment and consumer health awareness. Demand for low-calorie, organic-certified, and plant-based sweeteners rises steadily in key economies such as Germany, France, and the U.K. Food producers integrate sustainable sourcing and traceable supply chains to meet European food safety norms. It benefits from government initiatives to reduce refined sugar use in processed foods. The trend of vegan and keto diets strengthens the shift toward natural options. Major beverage and dairy firms expand product lines featuring stevia and erythritol. Continuous innovation from ingredient manufacturers promotes steady market penetration across the region.

Asia Pacific

The Asia Pacific Natural Sweeteners Market size was valued at USD 8,041.00 million in 2018 to USD 9,691.84 million in 2024 and is anticipated to reach USD 16,686.67 million by 2032, at a CAGR of 7.1% during the forecast period. Asia Pacific leads the market with nearly 37% share, driven by population growth, rapid urbanization, and expanding health awareness. Strong consumption of natural beverages and plant-based snacks fuels adoption in China, Japan, and India. It benefits from the growing diabetic population and rising disposable incomes across emerging economies. Manufacturers leverage local raw material availability such as stevia cultivation in China and monk fruit in Southeast Asia. Expanding e-commerce channels accelerate retail reach for clean-label products. Governments support sugar-reduction initiatives through awareness programs. Increasing foreign investments in food processing strengthen regional innovation capacity.

Latin America

The Latin America Natural Sweeteners Market size was valued at USD 1,118.00 million in 2018 to USD 1,294.19 million in 2024 and is anticipated to reach USD 1,901.54 million by 2032, at a CAGR of 5.1% during the forecast period. Latin America represents about 6% of the global share, supported by steady adoption in bakery and beverage manufacturing sectors. The region’s sugarcane industry provides raw material access for natural extraction processes. It benefits from growing consumer interest in healthier alternatives due to lifestyle-related health concerns. Brazil and Mexico drive regional consumption with strong beverage reformulation trends. Local producers focus on sustainable production aligned with export standards. Rising partnerships between global ingredient suppliers and regional food companies enhance availability. Expansion in health-oriented supermarket chains strengthens overall demand. Continuous government advocacy for dietary moderation fosters market stability.

Middle East

The Middle East Natural Sweeteners Market size was valued at USD 507.40 million in 2018 to USD 533.73 million in 2024 and is anticipated to reach USD 718.32 million by 2032, at a CAGR of 3.9% during the forecast period. The Middle East holds about 2% of the global share, with steady progress led by the Gulf Cooperation Council nations. The growing prevalence of obesity and diabetes supports gradual transition toward natural alternatives. It benefits from government health initiatives promoting sugar reduction in processed foods. Multinational beverage and dairy producers expand portfolios with low-calorie and clean-label variants. Import dependence remains high due to limited regional agricultural base. Retailers emphasize premium organic and halal-certified options to attract urban consumers. Rising disposable incomes in countries like UAE and Saudi Arabia create demand for healthier lifestyle products. Expanding distribution networks support sustained regional visibility.

Africa

The Africa Natural Sweeteners Market size was valued at USD 283.80 million in 2018 to USD 503.78 million in 2024 and is anticipated to reach USD 651.94 million by 2032, at a CAGR of 2.8% during the forecast period. Africa contributes roughly 2% of the global share, reflecting gradual market development supported by urbanization and awareness campaigns. The regional market experiences increasing import volumes from Asia and Europe due to limited local production. It gains traction in premium food and beverage categories targeting middle-income consumers. South Africa leads with adoption in health food segments and specialty stores. Limited infrastructure and price sensitivity remain key constraints. Government-driven nutrition programs promote sugar reduction and encourage education on healthier alternatives. International brands expand presence through partnerships with local distributors. Gradual improvements in retail logistics are expected to support broader future adoption.

Key Player Analysis:

• DuPont (US)
• ADM (Archer Daniels Midland Company) (US)
• Tate & Lyle PLC (UK)
• Cargill Incorporated (US)
• Ingredion Incorporated (US)
• Roquette Frères (France)
• FoodChem International Corporation (China)
• PureCircle Ltd (US)
• MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings Inc (Merisant) (US)
• Ecogreen Oleochemicals (Indonesia)
• Pyure Brands LLC (US)
• Stevia Hub India (India)
• Suminter India Organics (India)
• Stevia Biotech Pvt Ltd (India)
• The Real Stevia Company (Sweden)
• Sweetly Stevia USA (UK)
• XiliNat (Mexico)
• Fooditive B.V. (Netherlands)
• Saganà Association (Switzerland)
• Hearthside Food Solutions LLC (US)

Competitive Analysis:

The competitive landscape of the Natural Sweeteners Market features major global players such as Archer‑Daniels‑Midland Company, Cargill Incorporated, Tate & Lyle PLC, and Ingredion Incorporated. These firms leverage robust R&D capabilities to innovate high-purity extracts from stevia, monk fruit, and other plant-derived sweeteners. They also focus on strategic alliances and acquisitions to expand geographic reach and integrate vertically. The market remains moderately fragmented, but the largest players exert significant influence in terms of price, quality and supply-chain control. It faces rising cost pressures from raw-material sourcing and regulatory compliance across multiple regions. Smaller niche firms compete on flavor differentiation and specialty applications, targeting premium and health-conscious segments. Large suppliers respond to consumer trends for cleaner labels with dedicated product lines and marketing initiatives. Competitive advantage increasingly hinges on formulation technology, cost-efficiency, and global distribution networks.

Recent Developments:

• In April 2025, Tate & Lyle PLC (UK) reported that its integration with CP Kelco following an acquisition was on track, enhancing its natural-ingredient and sweetener solutions capabilities.
• In February 2025, Oobli, a company developing a sweet protein platform, partnered with Ingredion Incorporated to advance the development of natural sweetener solutions. Their collaboration focuses on combining sweet proteins with stevia to create improved sweetener systems, with plans to unveil new products at Future Food Tech in San Francisco.
• In October 2024, Tate & Lyle PLC partnered with Manus, a bio alternatives scale-up platform, to launch stevia Reb M, which is the first large-scale commercialization of an all-Americas-sourced, manufactured, and bio-converted stevia Reb M ingredient. This partnership represents a significant innovation in the natural sweeteners market, focusing on enhancing the availability and quality of stevia-based products.

Report Coverage:

The research report offers an in-depth analysis based on product type, application, form, nature, and sales channel. It details leading market players, providing an overview of their business, product offerings, investments, revenue streams, and key applications. Additionally, the report includes insights into the competitive environment, SWOT analysis, current market trends, as well as the primary drivers and constraints. Furthermore, it discusses various factors that have driven market expansion in recent years. The report also explores market dynamics, regulatory scenarios, and technological advancements that are shaping the industry. It assesses the impact of external factors and global economic changes on market growth. Lastly, it provides strategic recommendations for new entrants and established companies to navigate the complexities of the market.

Future Outlook:

• Rising consumer focus on health and sugar reduction will sustain long-term demand for plant-based sweeteners.
• Expansion of diabetic and low-calorie food categories will strengthen adoption across processed food and beverages.
• Continuous R&D in fermentation and enzymatic extraction will improve taste profiles and production efficiency.
• The surge in clean-label and organic certifications will shape product positioning across premium food brands.
• Growing penetration in pharmaceutical and personal care applications will expand product diversification.
• Investment in sustainable sourcing and agricultural innovation will enhance raw material availability.
• Mergers among global ingredient manufacturers will consolidate market presence and optimize global supply chains.
• Increasing digital retail and e-commerce penetration will boost accessibility of niche natural sweetener products.
• Regional producers in Asia Pacific and Latin America will emerge as critical suppliers for global exports.
• Evolving food safety regulations will drive compliance-based innovation and ensure consumer confidence worldwide.

Rising Global Health Awareness and Shift Toward Low-Calorie Consumption

Increasing consumer awareness of the health risks associated with refined sugar is driving demand for natural sweeteners as healthier, low-calorie alternatives. This trend is reinforced by growing rates of diabetes and obesity, as well as government and nutritionist recommendations to reduce sugar intake.

Growing Integration in Food and Beverage Manufacturing

Food and beverage manufacturers are reformulating products to replace synthetic sweeteners with natural alternatives like stevia and monk fruit, responding to consumer demand for clean-label and wellness-oriented products. This integration is expanding the use of natural sweeteners across mainstream and niche product categories.

Supportive Regulatory Frameworks and Sugar Reduction Policies

Government regulations and sugar taxes are pressuring manufacturers to reduce added sugars in processed foods, encouraging the adoption of natural sweeteners. Favorable labeling laws and food safety approvals for plant-derived sweeteners are further boosting market growth and consumer trust.

Technological Advancements and Product Innovation

Advances in extraction, fermentation, and formulation technologies are improving the taste, efficiency, and scalability of natural sweeteners. These innovations are making natural sweeteners more cost-effective and appealing for large-scale food production, supporting broader market adoption.

Rising Demand for Plant-Based and Sustainable Ingredients

Consumers are increasingly seeking plant-based and sustainably sourced sweeteners, prompting companies to emphasize ethical sourcing, traceability, and environmental certifications. This aligns with global sustainability goals and enhances the appeal of natural sweeteners in premium and organic product segments.

Note: The depth of individual sections depends on data availability for this market. Volume, capacity, trade and other unit-based metrics are included where applicable.