Germany Pressure Sensor Market Size, Share and Forecast 2032

Market Overview

The Germany Pressure Sensor Market is projected to grow from USD 1,114.57 million in 2024 to an estimated USD 1,658.22 million by 2032, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.09% from 2025 to 2032. This growth is driven by the increasing adoption of pressure sensors in various industries, including automotive, industrial automation, and healthcare.

Key market drivers include the rising demand for efficient industrial processes, safety standards in automotive systems, and growing applications in medical devices. The trend of integrating IoT and smart devices is also contributing to the increased adoption of pressure sensors. Furthermore, advancements in sensor technologies, such as wireless and digital sensors, are enhancing the performance and precision of pressure monitoring systems, further driving the market.

Geographically, Germany holds a significant share of the European Pressure Sensor Market, owing to its robust automotive industry and strong presence in industrial automation. The key players in this market include major sensor manufacturers such as Bosch, Honeywell, Siemens, and Sensirion, which continue to innovate and expand their product offerings to meet the increasing demand across various sectors.

Market Insights

• The Germany Pressure Sensor Market is projected to grow from USD 1,114.57 million in 2024 to USD 1,658.22 million by 2032, with a CAGR of 5.09% from 2025 to 2032.
• Key drivers include the increasing demand for automation, industrial efficiency, safety standards in automotive systems, and the growing applications in medical devices.
• Innovations in wireless, IoT-enabled, and digital pressure sensors are enhancing sensor performance, precision, and integration across industries.
• High manufacturing costs and integration challenges with legacy systems can limit the adoption of advanced pressure sensors in certain industries.
• Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia lead the market due to their strong automotive and industrial manufacturing bases, driving demand for pressure sensors.
• The healthcare sector is a significant driver, with rising adoption of pressure sensors in medical devices, wearables, and remote patient monitoring.
• The German automotive sector's emphasis on safety and performance standards, such as tire pressure monitoring systems, continues to fuel demand for pressure sensors.

Market Drivers

Growing Demand for Medical and Healthcare Applications

The healthcare sector is another significant driver of the Germany Pressure Sensor Market. Pressure sensors are increasingly used in a variety of medical devices, including respiratory equipment, infusion pumps, blood pressure monitoring systems, and diagnostic tools. As the healthcare industry evolves and adopts more advanced technologies to improve patient outcomes, pressure sensors play a vital role in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of medical devices. The trend toward remote patient monitoring, coupled with the ongoing digital transformation of healthcare systems, is increasing the demand for pressure sensors in wearable devices and telemedicine solutions. Additionally, the growing geriatric population in Germany, along with a rising focus on healthcare quality, is driving the demand for advanced medical equipment that can provide continuous and real-time monitoring. This, in turn, is accelerating the adoption of high-precision pressure sensors capable of providing accurate readings in sensitive medical applications.

Technological Advancements in Sensor Technologies

Technological innovations in pressure sensor technologies are significantly contributing to the growth of the market. Advancements in miniaturization, wireless technologies, and digital sensing are leading to more efficient and accurate pressure sensors that cater to a broader range of applications. Innovations such as piezoresistive, capacitive, and optical sensors offer improved precision, faster response times, and better durability, which are essential for demanding industrial, automotive, and medical applications. Furthermore, the development of wireless and smart sensors that integrate seamlessly with IoT platforms is enabling real-time monitoring and data analytics, providing businesses and manufacturers with enhanced decision-making capabilities. These sensors can transmit data remotely, enabling companies to monitor their equipment and systems continuously and make proactive adjustments. As a result, industries in Germany are increasingly adopting these advanced sensor technologies to enhance operational efficiency, safety, and product quality. The continued evolution of sensor technology, coupled with the growing demand for IoT-enabled solutions, is a key factor driving the growth of the pressure sensor market.

Increasing Adoption of Pressure Sensors in the Automotive Industry

The automotive industry in Germany plays a crucial role in driving the demand for pressure sensors. With the growing focus on vehicle safety and efficiency, pressure sensors have become integral in monitoring tire pressure, engine systems, fuel systems, and airbag deployment. In particular, the rising emphasis on automotive safety regulations and fuel efficiency is propelling the adoption of advanced pressure sensors. Modern vehicles require highly accurate and reliable sensors to optimize performance, enhance driver safety, and meet environmental regulations. Moreover, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous vehicles in Germany is pushing for innovation in pressure sensor technologies, particularly for critical applications like battery management systems, HVAC systems, and brake systems. For instance, in the automotive industry, pressure sensors are extensively used in tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) to enhance vehicle safety and fuel efficiency. These sensors continuously monitor tire pressure levels and send data to a centralized control module, alerting drivers to potential safety issues. The automotive sector's growing reliance on sophisticated sensor technologies to improve both operational efficiency and safety standards remains one of the most significant drivers of the market.

Industrial Automation and Process Control

Germany is known for its strong industrial sector, with a significant push toward automation and digitalization in manufacturing and process control. Pressure sensors are essential components in modern industrial applications, where they are used to monitor pressure levels in various machinery and equipment. In industries such as chemical processing, oil and gas, and power generation, pressure sensors are critical for maintaining optimal performance, improving safety, and preventing costly downtime. The increasing trend toward Industry 4.0, which involves the integration of IoT, artificial intelligence (AI), and automation into industrial operations, has created greater demand for advanced pressure sensors. These sensors are now integral to predictive maintenance strategies, allowing manufacturers to monitor system pressures in real time and address potential issues before they result in equipment failure. For instance, in industrial automation, pressure sensors play a crucial role in optimizing processes and enabling predictive maintenance. In compressed air systems, pressure sensors are used to monitor and control pressure levels for pneumatic tools, paint spraying, and packaging lines in manufacturing. Additionally, in the chemical industry, pressure sensors are vital for controlling chemical reactions in reactors and ensuring product quality. As German industries continue to embrace automation and smart manufacturing practices, the need for high-performance pressure sensors will only continue to rise.

Market Trends

Focus on Enhanced Durability and Harsh Environment Applications

The demand for pressure sensors capable of operating in harsh environments is a notable trend in the Germany Pressure Sensor Market. Many industries in Germany, including oil and gas, chemicals, power generation, and automotive, operate in challenging environments where sensors are exposed to extreme temperatures, vibrations, high-pressure conditions, and corrosive substances. As a result, there is an increasing need for pressure sensors with enhanced durability, reliability, and resistance to environmental factors. Manufacturers are focusing on developing pressure sensors that can withstand such conditions while maintaining high performance and accuracy. The development of sensors with protective coatings, robust housings, and specialized materials, such as stainless steel or ceramic, has become a key trend. These durable sensors are critical in ensuring continuous operations in sectors like industrial automation, where downtime due to sensor failure can result in significant financial losses and safety hazards. In Germany’s high-tech industrial landscape, the ability to deploy pressure sensors in demanding environments without compromising on their functionality is essential for improving safety, efficiency, and operational continuity.

Growth of Smart and Autonomous Systems

The shift toward smart and autonomous systems is a major trend influencing the pressure sensor market in Germany. With the rise of automation and the increasing use of autonomous systems in industries such as automotive, manufacturing, and agriculture, the demand for intelligent sensors that can function autonomously and integrate seamlessly with other systems has surged. In the automotive industry, for instance, there is a growing use of pressure sensors in autonomous vehicles to monitor tire pressure, braking systems, and engine performance. The adoption of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and self-driving cars in Germany is a driving force behind the increasing demand for smart pressure sensors. These sensors are designed to work with other sensors and systems in real time, providing valuable data for vehicle control, navigation, and safety.In industrial automation, smart pressure sensors are being deployed to optimize manufacturing processes and improve quality control. For example, pressure sensors integrated with AI and machine learning algorithms are being used to predict equipment failures, enhance predictive maintenance strategies, and optimize production lines. These sensors are also contributing to energy savings and process optimization by monitoring critical parameters like pressure and flow in real time. The trend toward smart and autonomous systems is also seen in the healthcare sector, where pressure sensors are being used in medical devices for continuous monitoring of patients. The integration of pressure sensors with IoT platforms allows for remote patient monitoring and provides healthcare providers with real-time data, enabling quicker responses and more accurate diagnoses.

Integration of IoT and Wireless Technology in Pressure Sensors

One of the most prominent trends in the Germany Pressure Sensor Market is the growing integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless technologies into pressure sensors. As industries, particularly in manufacturing, automotive, and healthcare, shift towards smarter, data-driven operations, pressure sensors are increasingly being developed to communicate wirelessly. This shift toward IoT-enabled pressure sensors allows for real-time monitoring, remote diagnostics, and predictive maintenance, enabling businesses to enhance their operational efficiency and reduce downtime. Wireless pressure sensors are particularly beneficial in industries where installation of traditional wired sensors is difficult or costly. For instance, wireless IoT-enabled pressure sensors have revolutionized industrial monitoring by enabling real-time data collection and seamless communication with other systems. These sensors are particularly advantageous in remote or hard-to-reach locations where traditional wired installations are impractical, as they eliminate the need for extensive wiring setups and reduce installation costs. In Germany, where manufacturing and industrial automation are vital sectors, the integration of these technologies aligns with the ongoing trend of digitization and Industry 4.0. These sensors offer advantages such as simplified installation, reduced maintenance costs, and the ability to monitor assets in real time, leading to better decision-making and improved operational performance.

Miniaturization and Enhanced Accuracy of Pressure Sensors

Another significant trend driving the growth of the Germany Pressure Sensor Market is the trend towards miniaturization and enhanced accuracy. As the demand for smaller and more precise sensors increases, particularly in applications such as automotive, healthcare, and consumer electronics, manufacturers are focused on reducing the size of pressure sensors without compromising on their performance. Miniaturization allows these sensors to be integrated into compact and space-constrained devices, such as wearables, handheld medical devices, and even mobile devices that require precise pressure measurements. For instance, miniature pressure sensors have been successfully integrated into space-constrained applications such as wind tunnels and turbochargers, where precise pressure measurements are critical to optimizing aerodynamic performance. Their compact design allows placement near neuralgic points for detailed flow analysis, highlighting their importance in industries requiring high precision. In the automotive sector, where vehicle design is becoming more space-efficient, miniaturized pressure sensors are essential for applications like tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS), engine monitoring, and fuel systems. In medical devices, miniature pressure sensors allow for the development of portable monitoring equipment such as blood pressure cuffs and ventilators that contribute to improved patient care. Enhanced accuracy further ensures reliable performance in critical industries like aerospace and industrial automation.

Market Challenges

Integration and Compatibility with Legacy Systems

Another challenge for the Germany Pressure Sensor Market lies in the integration of advanced pressure sensors with existing legacy systems across various industries. Many sectors, including manufacturing, automotive, and oil and gas, rely on older systems and infrastructure that may not be fully compatible with modern, IoT-enabled, or wireless pressure sensors. The integration of new technologies into these legacy systems requires significant retrofitting, software updates, and system modifications, which can be time-consuming and expensive. For companies with established processes and equipment, transitioning to newer, more advanced pressure sensors may involve overcoming technical barriers, retraining staff, and addressing concerns about system downtime during the integration process. These challenges can slow down the adoption of the latest sensor technologies, particularly in industries with tight budgets or less flexibility in upgrading existing systems. Furthermore, ensuring seamless compatibility with existing automation systems and machinery is critical to avoid disruptions in production or operational efficiency. Therefore, overcoming the integration challenges associated with legacy systems is essential for the continued growth of the pressure sensor market in Germany.

High Manufacturing Costs and Price Sensitivity in the Germany Pressure Sensor Market

One of the key challenges facing the Germany Pressure Sensor Market is the high cost of manufacturing advanced pressure sensors. The development and production of pressure sensors that meet the demanding requirements of industries such as automotive, healthcare, and industrial automation require significant investments in research and development (R&D) as well as advanced manufacturing techniques. These sensors need to offer precision, durability, and reliability under various operating conditions, which often involves the use of high-quality materials and complex technology.For instance, the production of pressure sensors for automotive applications requires specialized materials and intricate manufacturing processes to ensure accuracy and reliability in harsh environments. These sensors must withstand extreme temperatures, vibrations, and exposure to various fluids, necessitating the use of high-quality components and rigorous testing procedures. The integration of advanced features such as temperature compensation and digital output capabilities further adds to the complexity and cost of production.As a result, manufacturing costs for high-performance sensors can be relatively high, making it challenging for manufacturers to offer competitive pricing. This can impact the overall market growth, especially in industries that are price-sensitive or under financial constraints. Additionally, the increased demand for miniaturized and IoT-enabled pressure sensors further adds to the complexity and cost of production, as these sensors require smaller components and more sophisticated integration with wireless and communication technologies. For businesses looking to maintain profitability while competing in a rapidly evolving market, balancing the costs of production with competitive pricing remains a significant challenge.

Market Opportunities

Rising Demand for Industrial Automation and Industry 4.0 Integration

Germany’s strong focus on industrial automation and the implementation of Industry 4.0 provides significant opportunities for growth in the Pressure Sensor Market. As industries continue to embrace digital transformation, there is an increasing demand for high-precision pressure sensors to monitor and control manufacturing processes. Pressure sensors are vital for optimizing efficiency, reducing downtime, and ensuring the safety of industrial operations. The growing adoption of IoT-based systems, predictive maintenance, and automated processes in sectors such as automotive, chemicals, and energy is fueling the demand for advanced pressure sensors. As the need for more accurate and reliable data in real-time escalates, manufacturers have the opportunity to innovate and develop sensors that are capable of seamlessly integrating with smart manufacturing systems. This trend represents a promising opportunity for businesses that can offer pressure sensors tailored to the evolving needs of automation and the connected industrial ecosystem.

Expansion in Healthcare and Medical Device Applications

Another key opportunity in the Germany Pressure Sensor Market lies in the expanding use of pressure sensors in the healthcare and medical device sectors. With a growing emphasis on personalized and remote healthcare solutions, pressure sensors play a crucial role in monitoring patients' vital signs, particularly in wearable devices, ventilators, infusion pumps, and blood pressure monitors. The aging population in Germany and the increasing focus on health and wellness are driving the demand for accurate, compact, and reliable pressure sensors in medical devices. As the healthcare industry continues to move toward advanced diagnostic tools and real-time monitoring systems, pressure sensors are expected to be an integral part of these innovations. Manufacturers can capitalize on this trend by developing pressure sensors that meet the stringent requirements for medical applications, thereby enhancing their market presence in this rapidly growing sector

Market Segmentation Analysis

By Application

The automotive industry is one of the largest consumers of pressure sensors in Germany, where they are used in tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS), engine control units, fuel systems, and airbag systems. As automotive safety and performance standards evolve, pressure sensors play a critical role in ensuring operational efficiency and compliance with regulations.In healthcare, pressure sensors are widely used in medical devices such as blood pressure monitors, ventilators, infusion pumps, and diagnostic tools. The aging population and demand for wearable health devices are fueling the growth of this segment.Industrial manufacturing is another significant application area, where pressure sensors monitor systems in applications such as HVAC systems, pneumatic control, and hydraulic systems. The growing trend toward industrial automation and predictive maintenance in manufacturing facilities is enhancing demand.Pressure sensors are crucial in energy generation plants, particularly in oil and gas pipelines, steam turbines, and natural gas applications. Their role in maintaining system efficiency and preventing accidents is vital.In the consumer electronics market, pressure sensors are integrated into devices like smartphones, wearables, and smart home systems for applications such as environmental monitoring and user interaction.Aerospace and defense applications require high-precision pressure sensors for use in flight control systems, fuel systems, and cabin pressure control systems. These sensors need to perform reliably under extreme conditions.The oil and gas sector requires pressure sensors for monitoring drilling systems, pipelines, and wellheads, where precise and durable sensors are necessary to withstand harsh environments.

By Pressure Range

Low Pressure (Up to 10 bar) sensors are typically used in consumer electronics, HVAC systems, and medical devices, where the pressure levels are relatively low but require high precision.Medium Pressure (10 bar – 100 bar) sensors are widely used in industrial manufacturing and automotive applications. These sensors are crucial for applications such as fuel systems, engine management, and hydraulic control.High Pressure (Above 100 bar) sensors are crucial in the energy and power, aerospace, and oil & gas industries, where systems operate at extremely high pressures, and reliable measurements are essential for safety and performance.

Segments

Based on Application

• Automotive
• Healthcare
• Industrial manufacturing
• Energy and power
• Consumer electronics
• Aerospace & defenseOil & gas

Based on pressure Range

• Low Pressure (Up to 10 bar)
• Medium Pressure (10 bar – 100 bar)
• High Pressure (Above 100 bar)

Based on Technology

• Piezoresistive
• Capacitivem
• Electromagnetic
• Resonant solid-state
• Optical

Based on Output Type

• Analog output
• Digital output

Based on Region

• Bavaria
• Baden-Württemberg
• North Rhine-Westphalia

Regional Analysis

Bavaria (35%)

Bavaria is one of the most important regions in Germany for the pressure sensor market, contributing approximately 35% to the total market share. This is due to the presence of numerous automotive giants, including BMW, Audi, and MAN, which heavily utilize pressure sensors for various automotive applications such as tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS), fuel management, and engine monitoring. Furthermore, the region's growing focus on industrial automation, especially in sectors like machine manufacturing, robotics, and medical technology, contributes significantly to the demand for advanced pressure sensor technologies. The presence of a robust manufacturing sector and major research and development hubs in cities like Munich and Nuremberg strengthens Bavaria's position as a leading player in the pressure sensor market.

North Rhine-Westphalia (30%)

North Rhine-Westphalia, contributing around 30% of the market share, is another major industrial and economic hub in Germany. The region is home to a significant portion of Germany's industrial manufacturing activities, including chemical, automotive, and energy sectors. Pressure sensors are extensively used in industrial applications for process control, hydraulic systems, and energy management. Major cities such as Düsseldorf, Cologne, and Essen host large industrial plants, making North Rhine-Westphalia a key market for pressure sensors. Additionally, the growing adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in the region's manufacturing processes is increasing the demand for smart, connected pressure sensors.

Key players

• WIKA Alexander Wiegand SE & Co. KG
• ifm electronic GmbH
• Baumer Group
• Kistler Instrumente AG
• Turck GmbH

Competitive Analysis

The Germany Pressure Sensor Market is characterized by the presence of key players such as WIKA Alexander Wiegand SE & Co. KG, ifm electronic GmbH, Baumer Group, Kistler Instrumente AG, and Turck GmbH. These companies dominate the market by offering a wide range of pressure sensor solutions catering to various industries, including automotive, healthcare, industrial manufacturing, and energy. WIKA Alexander Wiegand SE & Co. KG is known for its diverse product portfolio, including sensors with high accuracy and reliability for industrial and automotive applications. ifm electronic GmbH focuses on automation and industrial solutions, integrating pressure sensors with smart systems to meet Industry 4.0 demands. Baumer Group and Kistler Instrumente AG emphasize precision measurement technologies, while Turck GmbH offers robust and reliable sensors for harsh industrial environments. The competitive landscape is shaped by innovation, R&D investments, and the ability to meet industry-specific requirements, making these players key influencers in market dynamics.

Recent Developments

• In March 2025, Honeywell International Inc launched the TruStability NSC Series pressure sensors, offering uncompensated and unamplified options for customers to perform their own calibration while benefiting from industry-leading stability, accuracy, and repeatability.

• In August 2024, Bosch Sensortec introduced the BMP581 barometric pressure sensor, utilizing capacitive technology instead of piezoresistive, resulting in 85% lower current consumption (1.3 µA), 80% reduced noise (0.08 Pa), and 33% improved temperature coefficient offset (± 0.5 Pa/K)

• In July 2024, Analog Devices Inc. released the MAX40109 low-power precision sensor interface SoC for pressure sensor applications, featuring a high-precision programmable analog front-end and digital signal processing capabilities.

• In November 2023, IFM Electronic released a series of wireless pressure sensors designed specifically for remote monitoring in oil and gas applications.

Market Concentration and Characteristics 

The Germany Pressure Sensor Market exhibits a moderate level of market concentration, with a mix of large, established players and smaller, specialized companies. Major industry leaders such as WIKA Alexander Wiegand SE & Co. KG, ifm electronic GmbH, Baumer Group, Kistler Instrumente AG, and Turck GmbH hold significant market shares due to their diverse product offerings, strong brand presence, and extensive distribution networks. These key players dominate the market by focusing on innovation, high-quality manufacturing, and customization to meet the specific needs of industries like automotive, healthcare, industrial automation, and energy. However, there is also a growing number of niche players emerging in areas such as wireless and IoT-enabled sensors, creating a competitive environment. The market is characterized by technological advancements, such as the integration of smart sensors and automation, and the demand for high-precision, durable, and reliable sensors continues to increase across various industrial applications.

Report Coverage

The research report offers an in-depth analysis based on Application, Pressure Range, Technology, Output Type and Region. It details leading market players, providing an overview of their business, product offerings, investments, revenue streams, and key applications. Additionally, the report includes insights into the competitive environment, SWOT analysis, current market trends, as well as the primary drivers and constraints. Furthermore, it discusses various factors that have driven market expansion in recent years. The report also explores market dynamics, regulatory scenarios, and technological advancements that are shaping the industry. It assesses the impact of external factors and global economic changes on market growth. Lastly, it provides strategic recommendations for new entrants and established companies to navigate the complexities of the market.

Future Outlook

1. The integration of pressure sensors with IoT technology will continue to grow, enabling real-time data monitoring and predictive maintenance across industries. This shift will drive demand for smart, wireless sensors in industrial automation and healthcare applications.

2. As Germany’s automotive industry embraces electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous technologies, pressure sensors will see increased use in tire pressure monitoring systems, fuel management, and engine performance monitoring. This trend will enhance the demand for innovative sensor solutions.

3. The continued expansion of Industry 4.0 technologies in Germany will push the demand for pressure sensors to monitor and control production lines and equipment. Smart sensors will be integral to enhancing efficiency, reducing downtime, and enabling automation in manufacturing.

4. Pressure sensors will experience significant growth in the healthcare sector, particularly in medical devices such as ventilators, infusion pumps, and wearable health monitors. The increasing focus on remote patient monitoring and diagnostics will further boost demand

5. The market will see the development of next-generation sensors with improved accuracy, sensitivity, and durability. Technologies such as capacitive, piezoresistive, and optical sensors will evolve to meet the demands of high-precision applications across various sectors

6. Germany's emphasis on sustainability will lead to greater adoption of pressure sensors in renewable energy systems, including solar and wind power, to monitor and optimize energy production. These sensors will be key in improving system efficiency and reducing operational costs.

7. Pressure sensors will find greater application in consumer electronics, particularly in smart devices, wearables, and home automation systems. As demand for more personalized and interactive devices grows, so too will the need for advanced sensors.

8. In the aerospace sector, pressure sensors will play a crucial role in enhancing safety and performance in flight control systems, fuel management, and cabin pressure monitoring. The ongoing advancements in sensor technology will support these evolving needs.

9. The pressure sensor market in Eastern Germany will grow as industrial modernization accelerates and new energy and manufacturing facilities emerge. The region’s focus on renewable energy and smart manufacturing will drive demand for reliable, high-performance sensors.

10. Collaborations between sensor manufacturers, technology companies, and end-user industries will rise as players focus on developing customized solutions. These strategic partnerships will enhance innovation and provide tailored solutions to meet specific market needs in Germany.

Expansion of Industrial Automation and Industry 4.0

Germany's strong industrial base and rapid adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies are driving demand for advanced pressure sensors to enable real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and process optimization in manufacturing and process industries.

Stringent Automotive Safety and Efficiency Standards

The German automotive sector's focus on safety, fuel efficiency, and regulatory compliance is increasing the integration of pressure sensors in applications such as tire pressure monitoring systems, engine management, and electric vehicle battery systems.

Growth in Healthcare and Medical Devices

Rising adoption of pressure sensors in medical devices, wearables, and remote patient monitoring—driven by an aging population and digital transformation in healthcare—is fueling market growth for high-precision, reliable sensors.

Technological Advancements in Sensor Design

Innovations in miniaturization, wireless connectivity, and digital sensing are enabling the deployment of pressure sensors in new applications and harsh environments, enhancing performance and expanding the addressable market.

Integration with IoT and Smart Systems

The increasing trend toward IoT-enabled and wireless pressure sensors is allowing for remote diagnostics, real-time data collection, and seamless integration with smart manufacturing and healthcare systems, further boosting market adoption.

Note: The depth of individual sections depends on data availability for this market. Volume, capacity, trade and other unit-based metrics are included where applicable.