Belgium Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery Market Size and Growth 2032

Market Overview

The Belgium Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery market is projected to grow from USD 13.59 million in 2023 to an estimated USD 19.54 million by 2032, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.90% from 2024 to 2032. This growth is fueled by the rising demand for innovative drug delivery technologies and the increasing focus on improving therapeutic outcomes through efficient drug administration systems.

Several factors are driving the market, including the growing prevalence of chronic diseases, increasing demand for advanced drug delivery systems, and rising investments in pharmaceutical R&D. Furthermore, the demand for personalized medicine, coupled with the trend of biologic and biosimilar drug development, is pushing the market toward more specialized drug delivery solutions. The ongoing research into nanotechnology and smart delivery devices also plays a key role in accelerating market growth.

Geographically, Belgium remains a strong player in the European pharmaceutical landscape due to its robust healthcare infrastructure and strategic location. The country’s growing number of biopharmaceutical companies and increasing investment in life sciences further bolster market prospects. Key players in the Belgium Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery market include global pharmaceutical companies, biotech firms, and specialized drug delivery technology providers, contributing to a competitive and innovative market environment.

Market Insights

• The Belgium Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery market is projected to grow from USD 13.59 million in 2023 to USD 19.54 million by 2032, with a CAGR of 3.90% from 2024 to 2032.
• Key drivers include the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, rising demand for personalized medicine, and advancements in drug delivery technologies like sustained-release formulations and transdermal systems.
• The growing focus on biologics, biosimilars, and nanotechnology is accelerating the development of efficient and targeted drug delivery systems.
• High development and manufacturing costs for advanced drug delivery systems, along with regulatory hurdles, can limit market growth and slow time-to-market.
• Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels contribute significantly to Belgium’s pharmaceutical market, with Flanders being the largest player due to its pharmaceutical R&D and manufacturing presence.
• Stringent EU regulations and local compliance requirements pose challenges for drug delivery companies but also ensure high safety and efficacy standards.
• The market is highly competitive, with major players such as C.H. Boehringer Sohn AG & Ko. KG, GLAXOSMITHKLINE, and AbbVie, alongside biotech firms and specialized drug delivery providers.

Market Drivers

Increasing Prevalence of Chronic Diseases

The rising burden of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and respiratory conditions, is a major driver of the pharmaceutical drug delivery market in Belgium. As the population ages and lifestyles evolve, the incidence of chronic conditions continues to increase, requiring continuous and effective management. For instance, in 2018, approximately 29% of the Belgian population aged 15 years and older reported living with at least one chronic disease, a figure that rises sharply with age, reaching 44% among those aged 75 and over. This demographic trend highlights the urgent need for effective management solutions, as many chronic conditions require ongoing treatment and monitoring.Chronic disease management often necessitates long-term medication, making the convenience and effectiveness of modern drug delivery systems indispensable. Technologies like insulin pumps for diabetes-where 6.3% of the population reported being diagnosed with diabetes in 2018-inhalers for respiratory conditions, and sustained-release formulations for cardiovascular diseases are in high demand. Furthermore, the prevalence of multimorbidity has escalated; in 2018, 15% of the population reported suffering from multiple chronic diseases, underscoring the complexity of managing patients with diverse health issues. Belgium, with its advanced healthcare system, is witnessing a growing demand for these innovative drug delivery solutions, which is expected to sustain market growth.

Advancements in Drug Delivery Technologies

The continuous advancement of drug delivery technologies is another significant factor driving the Belgium pharmaceutical drug delivery market. Technological innovations such as transdermal drug delivery systems, injectable devices, implantable drug delivery systems, and nanomedicine have revolutionized the way medications are delivered, offering better therapeutic outcomes, fewer side effects, and improved patient compliance. For example, the development of targeted drug delivery systems allows drugs to be delivered directly to the site of action, minimizing systemic exposure and reducing adverse reactions. Nanotechnology, in particular, offers exciting possibilities for more efficient drug delivery by enhancing drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability.These advancements are creating new market opportunities, particularly in the fields of oncology, gene therapy, and personalized medicine. Belgium, being a hub for pharmaceutical and biotechnology innovations in Europe, is at the forefront of adopting these cutting-edge technologies, driving the market's expansion.

Growing Investment in Pharmaceutical R&D

Belgium has long been recognized as a global leader in pharmaceutical research and development (R&D). The country’s strong pharmaceutical sector, supported by both private and public investments, is a key driver of the pharmaceutical drug delivery market. Significant investments in R&D have led to the development of more sophisticated drug delivery systems tailored to meet the unique needs of patients with specific conditions.Belgium's pharmaceutical industry comprises major multinational pharmaceutical companies as well as a thriving biotech ecosystem that has invested heavily in developing innovative drug delivery solutions to address unmet medical needs. These investments are further supported by the country’s favorable regulatory environment and its strategic location in Europe, which allows for efficient access to markets across the continent. The increasing focus on biologic drugs and biosimilars is also driving the need for specialized drug delivery technologies. As biologics often require complex administration methods-including injectable forms or infusion pumps-there is a rising demand for sophisticated drug delivery solutions. This trend is expected to continue as research into new biologics, particularly in areas like cancer and autoimmune diseases, expands.

Rising Demand for Personalized Medicine

Personalized medicine-tailoring treatment to individual patients based on their genetic profile, lifestyle, and specific disease characteristics-is another key market driver in Belgium’s pharmaceutical drug delivery sector. The growing trend towards personalized medicine is transforming how drugs are administered and delivered to patients, necessitating the development of more precise and customizable drug delivery systems. Drug delivery systems for personalized medicine are being designed to optimize the release of drugs based on patient-specific needs, enhancing both efficacy and safety. Belgium's high-quality healthcare system and strong emphasis on research position it well to capitalize on this trend. For instance, advancements in developing smart drug delivery devices that can adjust dosing in real-time based on a patient's response are gaining traction. These systems not only improve treatment effectiveness but also reduce potential adverse reactions-critical factors in personalized therapies. As personalized medicine continues to gain momentum, the demand for sophisticated and adaptable drug delivery solutions is expected to rise, propelling market growth in Belgium.

Market Trends

Increased Adoption of Biologic and Biosimilar Drug Delivery Systems

One of the key trends in the Belgium pharmaceutical drug delivery market is the growing demand for biologic and biosimilar drugs. Biologics, which include monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and gene therapies, are becoming increasingly important in the treatment of various chronic and complex diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and rare diseases. These biologic therapies often require specialized drug delivery methods, including injectable solutions, infusion systems, and devices designed to ensure the accurate and consistent delivery of large-molecule drugs. Biosimilars, which are nearly identical copies of biologic drugs, are also gaining traction due to their lower cost and expanded accessibility. In Belgium, the government has implemented various policy interventions aimed at promoting biosimilars, which have shown positive effects in increasing their adoption rates. A notable campaign focused on educating healthcare providers and patients about biosimilars has led to increased awareness and acceptance among prescribers, although the overall uptake remains below that of other European countries. As the demand for biologics and biosimilars continues to rise, there is an increasing need for advanced drug delivery systems that can effectively and safely administer these therapies.In Belgium, where there is a high concentration of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, the development of delivery systems tailored for biologics is a rapidly growing trend. Devices like pre-filled syringes, auto-injectors, and wearable infusion pumps are becoming more common as these treatments require precise administration, thus propelling the demand for advanced drug delivery solutions.

Rise of Smart Drug Delivery Devices

Another significant trend in the Belgian pharmaceutical drug delivery market is the increasing development and adoption of smart drug delivery systems. These devices integrate digital technologies with traditional drug delivery mechanisms to enhance drug administration and improve patient outcomes. Smart drug delivery systems are equipped with sensors, wireless connectivity, and real-time data analytics that allow for monitoring and adjusting drug doses based on patient-specific factors. This technology can help optimize therapeutic regimens, ensure adherence to treatment protocols, and reduce the risk of side effects or under-dosing.In Belgium, hospitals and clinics are increasingly adopting these advanced systems, particularly for chronic disease management. For example, smart insulin pens equipped with connectivity features allow for real-time monitoring of glucose levels, thus enabling personalized treatment adjustments for diabetes patients. This integration of digital health technologies aligns with Belgium's commitment to innovation in healthcare.Furthermore, the trend towards smart drug delivery is being driven by the country's commitment to digital health and innovation in the healthcare sector. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning into these systems promises even more personalized and adaptive treatment options. As Belgium continues to be a leading center for pharmaceutical research and development, the evolution of smart drug delivery technologies is expected to significantly influence the market, improving both the quality of care and patient convenience.

Growth in Patient-Centric Drug Delivery Solutions

Patient-centric drug delivery solutions are becoming a significant trend in the Belgian pharmaceutical drug delivery market, reflecting a broader shift in the healthcare industry towards personalization and patient empowerment. Modern drug delivery systems are increasingly designed with the patient experience in mind, focusing on ease of use, comfort, and minimizing the burden of treatment. This trend is particularly evident in areas like self-administration, where patients are encouraged to take charge of their own care, especially for chronic conditions that require long-term treatment. In Belgium, the development of user-friendly devices such as auto-injectors and wearable infusion pumps is becoming more prevalent. These innovations empower patients to manage their conditions more effectively at home, thereby enhancing their quality of life. The focus on minimizing treatment burdens is evident in the growing acceptance of non-invasive methods like transdermal patches.Additionally, as the Belgian healthcare system increasingly focuses on enhancing patient convenience and outcomes, pharmaceutical companies are investing heavily in the development of these next-generation drug delivery solutions.

Integration of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery Systems

The integration of nanotechnology into drug delivery systems is an emerging trend that is expected to transform the pharmaceutical drug delivery landscape in Belgium. Nanomedicine allows for the development of highly efficient drug delivery systems that can deliver therapeutic agents at a much more precise and controlled level.

For instance, nanoparticles can be engineered to improve drug solubility, enhance bioavailability, and enable targeted drug delivery to specific sites in the body. Research institutions are exploring the use of nanoparticles to enhance drug solubility and targeted delivery. For example, liposomal formulations are being developed to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs by delivering them directly to tumor cells, thereby reducing systemic side effects.Belgium's strong focus on biomedical research and cutting-edge innovations in nanotechnology positions it well to lead the adoption and commercialization of these advanced drug delivery systems. The Belgian pharmaceutical industry is investing in research to enhance the efficacy and safety of nanoparticle-based delivery systems, particularly for complex drugs like biologics and gene therapies. As nanotechnology continues to evolve, it will likely become a key player in delivering both existing and emerging therapeutics, further accelerating the growth of Belgium's pharmaceutical drug delivery market.

Market Challenges

Regulatory and Compliance Challenges

One of the primary challenges facing the Belgium pharmaceutical drug delivery market is navigating the complex and evolving regulatory environment. The pharmaceutical industry in Belgium is subject to stringent regulations set by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and local health authorities, which can create hurdles for companies seeking to bring new drug delivery systems to market. Drug delivery devices, especially those that integrate digital technologies or involve biologics, must undergo rigorous testing to meet safety, efficacy, and quality standards before they are approved for use. This includes clinical trials, regulatory submissions, and compliance with both EU and national guidelines. Additionally, as drug delivery technologies evolve, regulatory bodies are continuously adapting their standards to keep pace with innovation. Companies must ensure that their products meet these evolving requirements, which can significantly delay time-to-market and increase costs. Furthermore, the high level of regulatory scrutiny can increase the risk of non-compliance, which could lead to fines, product recalls, or a loss of market access. The complexity of regulatory approval processes is particularly challenging for small to medium-sized companies that lack the resources to navigate these regulatory landscapes effectively.

High Cost of Development and Manufacturing

The high costs associated with the development and manufacturing of advanced drug delivery systems pose a significant challenge to the Belgian pharmaceutical market. Developing new drug delivery technologies requires substantial investment in research and development, clinical trials, and regulatory approvals. Furthermore, manufacturing these complex systems-particularly those involving biologics, nanoparticles, or digital interfaces-demands specialized facilities, high-end materials, and skilled personnel, all of which contribute to elevated production costs. For companies, this means that bringing a new drug delivery system to market can require significant upfront financial commitment, making it difficult for smaller players to compete against large multinational corporations with greater financial resources. Additionally, the costs of maintaining manufacturing standards in compliance with European Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and ensuring supply chain integrity add another layer of financial burden. As a result, companies may face challenges in scaling production, keeping prices competitive, and maintaining profitability while also meeting the growing demand for more sophisticated drug delivery solutions.

Market Opportunities

Growing Demand for Personalized Medicine and Targeted Therapies

One of the key market opportunities in the Belgium Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery market lies in the increasing demand for personalized medicine and targeted therapies. As the healthcare industry shifts towards more individualized treatments, drug delivery systems are evolving to meet the unique needs of patients based on their genetic profiles, disease characteristics, and responses to therapies. This growing trend presents a significant opportunity for pharmaceutical companies to develop and commercialize drug delivery technologies that offer precision in drug administration, improving both the efficacy and safety of treatments. Personalized medicine, particularly in oncology, immunotherapy, and rare diseases, often requires innovative drug delivery systems such as smart devices, injectable technologies, and novel formulations that can enhance drug bioavailability and reduce adverse effects. Belgium, with its strong pharmaceutical R&D infrastructure and emphasis on biotechnology innovation, is well-positioned to capitalize on this opportunity. Companies that can develop next-generation drug delivery solutions that cater to the growing market for personalized therapies stand to gain a competitive edge in both domestic and international markets.

Expansion of Biologic and Biosimilar Drug Markets

The expanding biologics and biosimilars markets also offer a substantial opportunity for growth in Belgium’s pharmaceutical drug delivery sector. As the use of biologics continues to rise due to their efficacy in treating complex diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and chronic conditions, the need for advanced drug delivery systems to administer these therapies becomes more pronounced. Similarly, the increasing adoption of biosimilars presents an opportunity to develop cost-effective delivery solutions for these therapies. Belgium’s strong presence in the biotechnology and life sciences sectors positions it as a key player in developing and manufacturing drug delivery systems tailored to biologics and biosimilars. Companies that can innovate and scale the production of specialized drug delivery technologies for biologic drugs, including pre-filled syringes, auto-injectors, and wearable devices, can benefit from this rapidly growing market segment.

Market Segmentation Analysis

By Route of Administration

The Belgium Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery market features a variety of routes of administration, each catering to specific patient needs. Solid oral drug formulations, such as tablets and capsules, are widely used due to their ease of use and cost-effectiveness, especially for chronic conditions like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Liquid drug formulations, including solutions and syrups, offer flexibility, particularly for pediatric, geriatric, and patients with swallowing difficulties, and are commonly used for infections and respiratory diseases. Semi-solid formulations, such as gels and creams, are gaining popularity for localized or sustained drug delivery, especially in dermatology and oral mucosal treatments. Injectable drug delivery systems, including syringes, auto-injectors, and infusion pumps, are growing rapidly due to the increased use of biologics and monoclonal antibodies, especially in oncology, diabetes, and autoimmune treatments. Finally, topical and transdermal drug delivery systems, including creams, lotions, and patches, provide non-invasive options for both local and systemic drug administration, with rising demand in pain management and hormone replacement therapies.

By Application

The Belgium pharmaceutical drug delivery market is experiencing significant growth across various therapeutic applications. In the infectious disease segment, the demand for drug delivery systems is steady, particularly for vaccines, antibiotics, and antiviral treatments, with the COVID-19 pandemic further boosting the focus on injectable and oral solutions. Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and immunotherapy, drive the injectable drug delivery market, with advanced systems offering targeted and sustained drug release to enhance effectiveness and reduce side effects. In cardiovascular diseases, both injectable and oral formulations for managing conditions like hypertension and blood clots are essential, and innovation in sustained-release and injectable options presents growth opportunities. The diabetes segment, particularly insulin delivery systems such as pens and pumps, is one of the fastest-growing areas, driven by the rising prevalence of diabetes. Respiratory diseases, including asthma and COPD, are also a key focus, with growing demand for efficient inhalation systems like aerosols, inhalers, and nebulizers to address increasing disease rates and aging populations.

Segments

Based on Route of Administration

• Solid Oral Drug Formulation
• Liquid Drug Formulation
• Semi-Solid Oral Drug Formulation
• Injectable Drug Delivery
• Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery

Based on Application

• Infectious Diseases
• Cancer
• Cardiovascular Diseases
• Diabetes
• Respiratory Diseases

Based on End User

• Hospitals
• Ambulatory Surgical Centers/Clinical
• Home Care Settings
• Diagnostic Centers

Based on Region

• Brussels
• Antwerp
• Ghent

Regional Analysis

Flanders (45%)

Flanders, the northern region of Belgium, is the largest contributor to the pharmaceutical drug delivery market. The region is home to numerous pharmaceutical companies, research institutions, and biotech firms, particularly in cities like Antwerp and Ghent. The presence of major global pharmaceutical players, such as Janssen Pharmaceutica (part of Johnson & Johnson) and UCB, strengthens Flanders' position as a leading center for pharmaceutical R&D and innovation. The region’s focus on biopharmaceuticals, biologic therapies, and personalized medicine drives the demand for advanced drug delivery systems. Furthermore, Flanders benefits from its proximity to key European markets and its well-developed logistics infrastructure, which facilitates the distribution of drug delivery devices across the EU.

Wallonia (30%)

Wallonia, the southern region of Belgium, also plays a crucial role in the pharmaceutical drug delivery market. While it has a smaller share than Flanders, Wallonia is home to several leading pharmaceutical and biotech companies, such as GSK and BioVectra. The region has seen growing investment in drug delivery systems, particularly for the administration of biologics and biosimilars. As the demand for biologics continues to rise, Wallonia’s emphasis on biotechnology innovation further positions it as a key contributor to the market. Additionally, the region’s favorable investment climate, along with governmental and European Union funding for biotech startups, supports the growth of drug delivery technologies.

Key players

• H. Boehringer Sohn AG & Ko. KG
• GLAXOSMITHKLINE
• AbbVie Inc.
• Roche
• Bayer AG
• AstraZeneca plc
• Sanofi
• Novartis

Competitive Analysis

The Belgium pharmaceutical drug delivery market is highly competitive, with key players such as C.H. Boehringer Sohn AG & Ko. KG, GLAXOSMITHKLINE, AbbVie Inc., Roche, Bayer AG, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, and Novartis leading the charge. These companies leverage strong R&D capabilities, advanced manufacturing technologies, and extensive product portfolios to maintain their market positions. C.H. Boehringer Sohn AG, for instance, focuses on developing innovative drug delivery systems, especially in biologics and biosimilars. Similarly, companies like Roche and Novartis are advancing in the field of personalized medicine, using cutting-edge drug delivery technologies to improve therapeutic outcomes. With an emphasis on biologics, gene therapies, and biologic drug delivery systems, the competition remains intense. Companies are also adopting smart technologies and digital health solutions to enhance patient compliance and treatment efficacy. This competitive landscape encourages continuous innovation and technological advancements, driving overall market growth.

Recent Developments

• In September 2023, AbbVie launched a new formulation of its rheumatoid arthritis medication that utilizes an innovative drug delivery system to enhance bioavailability and patient compliance.

• In August 2023, Roche unveiled a new subcutaneous delivery system for its oncology products, which allows for easier administration at home, thereby improving the overall treatment experience for patients.

• In July 2023, Bayer announced the expansion of its portfolio with a new oral drug delivery technology aimed at improving the absorption of its cardiovascular medications.

• In June 2023, AstraZeneca launched a new inhalation powder formulation for its asthma medication, which is designed to optimize drug delivery and minimize side effects.

• In May 2023, Sanofi introduced a next-generation wearable injector that allows for continuous drug delivery in diabetes management, enhancing patient autonomy and comfort.

• In April 2023, Novartis launched an innovative transdermal patch for pain management that provides controlled release over an extended period, improving patient adherence and therapeutic outcomes.

Market Concentration and Characteristics 

C.H. Boehringer Sohn AG & Ko. KG is a leading player in the pharmaceutical drug delivery market, known for its strong focus on biologics and biosimilars. The company is characterized by a broad and diverse product portfolio that includes innovative drug delivery technologies for various therapeutic areas such as oncology, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular conditions. Its products range from injectable drug delivery systems to specialized devices for the administration of biologic therapies. Boehringer Ingelheim's market concentration is bolstered by its robust R&D capabilities, strategic collaborations, and its extensive experience in developing and manufacturing complex drug delivery solutions. The company’s business strategy focuses on expanding its presence in the biologics market and enhancing patient-centric drug delivery solutions through partnerships and technological innovation. Financially, Boehringer Ingelheim has maintained a strong position in the global pharmaceutical market, driven by sustained investments in R&D and a commitment to innovation in drug delivery technologies.

Report Coverage

The research report offers an in-depth analysis based on Route of Administration, Application, End User, and Region. It details leading market players, providing an overview of their business, product offerings, investments, revenue streams, and key applications. Additionally, the report includes insights into the competitive environment, SWOT analysis, current market trends, as well as the primary drivers and constraints. Furthermore, it discusses various factors that have driven market expansion in recent years. The report also explores market dynamics, regulatory scenarios, and technological advancements that are shaping the industry. It assesses the impact of external factors and global economic changes on market growth. Lastly, it provides strategic recommendations for new entrants and established companies to navigate the complexities of the market.

Future Outlook

1. The growing prevalence of chronic and complex diseases will drive the demand for biologics and biosimilars, boosting the need for specialized drug delivery systems. As more biologic therapies come to market, efficient delivery methods will be crucial.

2. Personalized medicine will require tailored drug delivery systems to optimize patient outcomes. The focus on genetic-based treatments and targeted drug delivery will significantly expand market opportunities.

3. Innovations such as smart drug delivery devices, nano-carriers, and 3D-printed drug delivery systems will revolutionize patient care and enhance the effectiveness of treatments. These advancements will increase precision, reducing side effects and improving drug efficacy.

4. With a rising number of injectable biologics and vaccines, the market will see significant growth in injectable drug delivery solutions. Devices like auto-injectors and infusion pumps will dominate the market.

5. The demand for drug delivery solutions that enable self-administration at home will increase, especially for chronic conditions like diabetes. Home care settings will become a primary market for patient-centric drug delivery devices.

6. As drug delivery technologies evolve, regulatory bodies will continue to refine guidelines to ensure safety and efficacy. This will encourage further innovation while maintaining high standards in drug delivery systems.

7. Non-invasive methods, such as transdermal patches and oral formulations, will gain more prominence due to their patient comfort and ease of use. These methods will become increasingly popular for long-term treatment of chronic diseases.

8. Partnerships between pharmaceutical companies, biotech firms, and technology providers will lead to the development of advanced drug delivery systems. Collaborative efforts will help bring innovative solutions to market faster.

9. The demand for specialized drug delivery systems for pediatric and geriatric patients will increase. Age-specific drug formulations and delivery systems will cater to these growing demographics.

10. Environmental concerns will drive the adoption of sustainable packaging and delivery methods. Companies will focus on reducing waste and creating eco-friendly drug delivery systems to meet consumer and regulatory demands.

Increasing Prevalence of Chronic Diseases

The rising incidence of chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer in Belgium is driving demand for advanced and long-term drug delivery solutions, as these conditions require ongoing and effective medication management.

Advancements in Drug Delivery Technologies

Continuous innovation in drug delivery systems, including nanotechnology, smart devices, and sustained-release formulations, is improving therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance, fueling market growth in Belgium.

Growing Investment in Pharmaceutical R&D

Belgium's robust pharmaceutical sector, supported by significant public and private R&D investments, is leading to the development of sophisticated drug delivery systems tailored to emerging therapies and patient needs.

Rising Demand for Personalized Medicine

The shift toward personalized medicine in Belgium is increasing the need for customizable and precise drug delivery systems that can optimize treatment efficacy and safety based on individual patient profiles.

Expansion of Biologic and Biosimilar Drug Markets

The growing use of biologics and biosimilars for complex diseases is creating demand for specialized drug delivery technologies, such as injectables and infusion systems, to ensure safe and effective administration.

Note: The depth of individual sections depends on data availability for this market. Volume, capacity, trade and other unit-based metrics are included where applicable.